Santin, Y. et al. Oxidative stress by monoamine oxidase-A impairs transcription factor EB activation and autophagosome clearance, leading to cardiomyocyte necrosis and heart failure. Antioxid. Redox Signal 25, 10–27 (2016). J. I. Ramsden, R. S. Heath, S. R. Derrington, S. L. Montgomery, J. Mangas-Sanchez, K. R. Mulholland and N. J. Turner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 1201–1206 CrossRef CAS PubMed . R. S. Heath, W. R. Birmingham, M. P. Thompson, A. Taglieber, L. Daviet and N. J. Turner, ChemBioChem, 2019, 20, 276–281 CAS . During the early 1960s, Mao became concerned with the nature of post-1959 China. He saw that the revolution and Great Leap Forward had replaced the old ruling elite with a new one. He was concerned that those in power were becoming estranged from the people they were to serve. Mao believed that a revolution of culture would unseat and unsettle the "ruling class" and keep China in a state of " continuous revolution" that, theoretically, would serve the interests of the majority, rather than a tiny and privileged elite. [230] State Chairman Liu Shaoqi and General Secretary Deng Xiaoping favoured the idea that Mao be removed from actual power as China's head of state and government but maintain his ceremonial and symbolic role as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, with the party upholding all of his positive contributions to the revolution. They attempted to marginalise Mao by taking control of economic policy and asserting themselves politically as well. Many claim that Mao responded to Liu and Deng's movements by launching the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1966. Some scholars, such as Mobo Gao, claim the case for this is overstated. [231] Others, such as Frank Dikötter, hold that Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to wreak revenge on those who had dared to challenge him over the Great Leap Forward. [232] Fiedorowicz JG, Swartz KL. The role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in current psychiatric practice. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004;10(4):239–48.

M. P. Thompson, I. Peñafiel, S. C. Cosgrove and N. J. Turner, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2019, 23, 9–18 CrossRef CAS . M. Planchestainer, M. L. Contente, J. Cassidy, F. Molinari, L. Tamborini and F. Paradisi, Green Chem., 2017, 19, 372–375 RSC . Main article: Sino-Soviet split U.S. President Gerald Ford watches as Henry Kissinger shakes hands with Mao during their visit to China, 2 December 1975 Main articles: Chinese Civil War and Chinese Communist Revolution Nanchang and Autumn Harvest Uprisings: 1927 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Estimates of the death toll during the Cultural Revolution, including civilians and Red Guards, vary greatly. An estimate of around 400,000 deaths is a widely accepted minimum figure, according to Maurice Meisner. [247] MacFarquhar and Schoenhals assert that in rural China alone some 36million people were persecuted, of whom between 750,000 and 1.5million were killed, with roughly the same number permanently injured. [248]

J. Boudrant, J. M. Woodley and R. Fernandez-Lafuente, Process Biochem., 2020, 90, 66–80 CrossRef CAS .

At the university, Mao was snubbed by other students due to his rural Hunanese accent and lowly position. He joined the university's Philosophy and Journalism Societies and attended lectures and seminars by the likes of Chen Duxiu, Hu Shih, and Qian Xuantong. [46] Mao's time in Beijing ended in the spring of 1919, when he travelled to Shanghai with friends who were preparing to leave for France. [47] He did not return to Shaoshan, where his mother was terminally ill. She died in October 1919 and her husband died in January 1920. [48] New Culture and political protests: 1919–1920 Fig. 2 Long term stability of immobilised GOase M 1 (50 mg, 10 wt%) was tested by running three hour oxidations of 100 mM lactose each day with continuous reuse of the same beads. Catalase and horseradish peroxidase were also added to the reactions. Over the next few years, Mao Zedong enrolled and dropped out of a police academy, a soap-production school, a law school, an economics school, and the government-run Changsha Middle School. [24] Studying independently, he spent much time in Changsha's library, reading core works of classical liberalism such as Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws, as well as the works of western scientists and philosophers such as Darwin, Mill, Rousseau, and Spencer. [25] Viewing himself as an intellectual, years later he admitted that at this time he thought himself better than working people. [26] He was inspired by Friedrich Paulsen, a neo-Kantian philosopher and educator whose emphasis on the achievement of a carefully defined goal as the highest value led Mao to believe that strong individuals were not bound by moral codes but should strive for a great goal. [27] His father saw no use in his son's intellectual pursuits, cut off his allowance and forced him to move into a hostel for the destitute. [28] Mao in 1913 S. P. France, L. J. Hepworth, N. J. Turner and S. L. Flitsch, ACS Catal., 2017, 7, 710–724 CrossRef CAS .

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Mao desired to become a teacher and enrolled at the Fourth Normal School of Changsha, which soon merged with the First Normal School of Hunan, widely seen as the best in Hunan. [29] Befriending Mao, professor Yang Changji urged him to read a radical newspaper, New Youth ( Xin qingnian), the creation of his friend Chen Duxiu, a dean at Peking University. Although he was a supporter of Chinese nationalism, Chen argued that China must look to the west to cleanse itself of superstition and autocracy. [30] Fig. 3 (A) Thermal activity of immobilised GOase M 1 (100 mg, 1 wt%) and soluble M 1 (1 mg mL −1) was determined through oxidation of 100 mM lactose, conversions were determined by 1H NMR analysis and plotted relative to activity at 25 °C. (B) Thermal stability of GOase M 1 was determined by heating the immobilised catalyst (100 mg, 1 wt%) and soluble enzyme (1 mg mL −1) for 17 h. Reaction was then run at 25 °C for 16 h and conversion was determined by 1H NMR analysis. A popular student, in 1915 Mao was elected secretary of the Students Society. He organised the Association for Student Self-Government and led protests against school rules. [32] Mao published his first article in New Youth in April 1917, instructing readers to increase their physical strength to serve the revolution. [33] He joined the Society for the Study of Wang Fuzhi ( Chuan-shan Hsüeh-she), a revolutionary group founded by Changsha literati who wished to emulate the philosopher Wang Fuzhi. [34] In spring 1917, he was elected to command the students' volunteer army, set up to defend the school from marauding soldiers. [35] Increasingly interested in the techniques of war, he took a keen interest in World War I, and also began to develop a sense of solidarity with workers. [36] Mao undertook feats of physical endurance with Xiao Zisheng and Cai Hesen, and with other young revolutionaries they formed the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to debate Chen Duxiu's ideas. Desiring personal and societal transformation, the Society gained 70–80 members, many of whom would later join the Communist Party. [37] Mao graduated in June 1919, ranked third in the year. [38] Early revolutionary activity Beijing, anarchism, and Marxism: 1917–1919 Mao Zedong in 1924 In Changsha, Mao had begun teaching history at the Xiuye Primary School [50] and organising protests against the pro-Duan Governor of Hunan Province, Zhang Jingyao, popularly known as "Zhang the Venomous" due to his corrupt and violent rule. [51] In late May, Mao co-founded the Hunanese Student Association with He Shuheng and Deng Zhongxia, organising a student strike for June and in July 1919 began production of a weekly radical magazine, Xiang River Review. Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he advocated the need for a "Great Union of the Popular Masses", strengthened trade unions able to wage non-violent revolution. [ clarification needed] His ideas were not Marxist, but heavily influenced by Kropotkin's concept of mutual aid. [52] Students in Beijing rallying during the May Fourth Movement

Mao's embalmed body, draped in the CCP flag, lay in state at the Great Hall of the People for one week. [258] One million Chinese filed past to pay their final respects, many crying openly or displaying sadness, while foreigners watched on television. [259] [260] Mao's official portrait hung on the wall with a banner reading: "Carry on the cause left by Chairman Mao and carry on the cause of proletarian revolution to the end". [258] On 17 September the body was taken in a minibus to the 305 Hospital, where his internal organs were preserved in formaldehyde. [258]

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