LaBotz M, Smith BW. Creatine supplement use in an NCAA division I athletic program. Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(3):167–9. Casey A, et al. Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(1 Pt 1):E31–7.

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Op’t Eijnde B, et al. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization. Diabetes. 2001;50(1):18–23. Given the role of creatine in metabolism, performance, and training adaptations; a number of researchers have been investigating the potential therapeutic benefits of creatine supplementation in various clinical populations. The following highlights some of these applications. Creatine synthesis deficiencies Ferrante RJ, et al. Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease. J Neurosci. 2000;20(12):4389–97. Kreider RB, Jung YP. Creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Exerc Nutr Biochem. 2011;15(2):53–69. Weiss BA, Powers ME. Creatine supplementation does not impair the thermoregulatory response during a bout of exercise in the heat. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006;46(4):555–63.Polyviou TP, et al. Effects of glycerol and creatine hyperhydration on doping-relevant blood parameters. Nutrients. 2012;4(9):1171–86. Heinanen K, et al. Creatine corrects muscle 31P spectrum in gyrate atrophy with hyperornithinaemia. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29(12):1060–5.

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Ramirez-Campillo R, et al. Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(8):682–7. Barisic N, et al. Effects of oral creatine supplementation in a patient with MELAS phenotype and associated nephropathy. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33(3):157–61. This paper was reviewed by the International Society of Sports Nutrition Research Committee and represents the official position of the Society. Publisher’s NoteLopez RM, et al. Does creatine supplementation hinder exercise heat tolerance or hydration status? a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Athl Train. 2009;44(2):215–23.

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Matthews RT, et al. Neuroprotective effects of creatine and cyclocreatine in animal models of Huntington’s disease. J Neurosci. 1998;18(1):156–63. Bender A, et al. Creatine supplementation in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1262–4. Kreider RB, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(1):73–82. Easton C, et al. The effects of a novel “fluid loading” strategy on cardiovascular and haematological responses to orthostatic stress. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(6):899–908. Komura K, et al. Effectiveness of creatine monohydrate in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28(1):53–8.

FAQs

Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA For the average individual, creatine HCL is nothing more than a bitter flavor and a higher price tag.