Liu W, Gao M, Liang X. Management of subfoveal perfluorocarbon liquid: A review. Ophthalmologica. 2018; 240(1):1-7 Maheshwary AS, Oster SF, Yuson RMS, Cheng L, Mojana F, Freeman WR. The association between percent disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment-outer segment junction and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 150(1):63-67.e1 ER testing is recommended for all newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrence and all patients with detectable ER expression, defined as ≥1% of invasive cancer cells, should be offered endocrine therapy. 4,6 References

Evaluation of ER status should be performed using a clinically validated IHC assay or an assay that has been tested for and shows high concordance with a clinically validated assay. 4 Vujosevic S, Bini S, Midena G, Berton M, Pilotto E, Midena E. Hyperreflective intraretinal spots in diabetics without and with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: An in vivo study using spectral domain OCT. Journal Diabetes Research. 2013; 2013:1-5 Treatment involves physical therapy; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to ease discomfort and inflammation; and corticosteroid injections into the shoulder to relieve pain. Surgery and shoulder joint replacement can be done in some cases. Rheumatoid arthritis Itoh Y, Inoue M, Rii T, Hirota K, Hirakata A. Correlation between foveal cone outer segment tips line and visual recovery after epiretinal membrane surgery. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2013; 54(12):7302 You have pain, pressure, tightness, or other discomforts in both shoulders and both arms, even if you do not have chest painTreatment involves easing symptoms and improving the patient's quality of life through pain medications, exercise, improved diet, and help with managing stressful situations. Liu G-H, Lin B, Sun X-Q, He Z-F, Li J-R, Zhou R, et al. Focal choroidal excavation: A preliminary interpretation based on clinic and review. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015; 8(3):513-521 ER is one of the most informative biomarkers in breast cancer. ER expression is capable of differentiating two fundamentally distinct tumour sub-types, with the majority of luminal breast tumours expressing ER. 2 Tumours that express ER are dependent on oestrogen supply for growth and survival and are generally well-differentiated, less aggressive, and have a better prognosis. ER expression occurs in over three-quarters of breast tumours and is more frequent in patients over 50 years old. 1,3 ER as a Prognostic Biomarker in Breast Cancer

People who do hard labor: Strenuous physical work such as digging, cutting wood, or moving heavy objects can cause pain. Grewal DS, O’Sullivan ML, Kron M, Jaffe GJ. Association of disorganization of retinal inner layers with visual acuity in eyes with uveitic cystoid macular edema. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2017; 177:116-125 Chauhan DS, Antcliff RJ, Rai PA, Williamson TH, Marshall J. Papillofoveal traction in macular hole formation: The role of optical coherence tomography. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000; 118(1):32-38

Pain in both shoulders causes

Caillaux V, Gaucher D, Gualino V, Massin P, Tadayoni R, Gaudric A. Morphologic characterization of dome-shaped macula in myopic eyes with serous macular detachment. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013; 156(5):958-967.e1 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the standard assay platform to determine ER status with a number of clinically validated antibodies available. IHC can be applied to core biopsy and surgical resection specimens. Scoring Recommendations Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Sato T, Mukai R. Fundus autofluorescence of elongated photoreceptor outer segments in central serous chorioretinopathy. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2011; 151(4):617-623.e1 Zweifel SA. Outer retinal tubulation: A novel optical coherence tomography finding. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2009; 127(12):1596

If you see amber flashing lights on overhead motorway signs you should adjust the speed of your vehicle. Look out for the source of the danger. Once you pass the danger you will see a signal which is not flashing or one that gives the ‘ All Clear‘ message. You might think you know some instinctively, like signs showing the speed limit. But others are less common so you'll need swot up on their meaning. Bolz M, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Deak G, Mylonas G, Kriechbaum K, Scholda C. Optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116(5):914-920Chung CY, Li SH, Li KKW. Focal choroidal excavation-morphological features and clinical correlation. Eye. 2017; 31(9):1373-1379 Chen E, Brown DM, Benz MS, Fish RH, Wong TP, Kim RY, et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography as an effective screening test for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (the “flying saucer” sign). Clinical Ophthalmology. 2010; 4:1151-1158

Motorway hazards can include fog, a car accident, or road spillage. The hazard could also be road workers who are carrying out repair work on the carriageway. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, which means the body's immune system turns against itself for unknown reasons. You can report a road spillage (e.g. dropped cargo, oil, mud, or sand) to the local council authority or Highways England. The ellipsoid zone (EZ), which was previously referred as the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction, is considered to be formed mainly by mitochondria within the ellipsoid layer of the outer portion of the inner segments of the photoreceptors. In a normal fovea, the distance from the EZ line to the ELM line is shorter than that from the EZ line to the RPE.The EZ “elevation” in the foveal center is due to elongated foveal cone outer segments.Top Symptoms: pain in one arm, shoulder pain that shoots to the arm, arm weakness, numbness in one arm, shoulder pain