Broder, John M. and Clifford Krauss. A Big, and Risky, Energy Bet The New York Times, 17 December 2012. Retrieved: 15 April 2013. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of a homogeneous mixture of small, relatively lightweight hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4–C12). [73] It is a mixture of paraffins ( alkanes), olefins ( alkenes), and napthenes ( cycloalkanes). The use of the term paraffin in place of the standard chemical nomenclature alkane is particular to the oil industry. The actual ratio of molecules in any gasoline depends upon:

Richard C. Baliban, Josephine A. Elia, and Christodoulos A. Floudas "Novel Natural Gas to Liquids Processes: Process Synthesis and Global Optimization Strategies" in American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 2013, AIChE. doi: 10.1002/aic.13996In reality though the retail fuel market tends to be led by the supermarkets, as despite only having around 16% of UK forecourts they are responsible for some 44% of total fuel sales, so we often see widespread cuts being passed on at the pumps at the same time. The development of jet engines burning kerosene-based fuels during WWII for aircraft produced a superior performing propulsion system than internal combustion engines could offer and the U.S. military forces gradually replaced their piston combat aircraft with jet powered planes. This development would essentially remove the military need for ever increasing octane fuels and eliminated government support for the refining industry to pursue the research and production of such exotic and expensive fuels. Commercial aviation was slower to adapt to jet propulsion and until 1958, when the Boeing 707 first entered commercial service, piston powered airliners still relied on aviation gasoline. But commercial aviation had greater economic concerns than the maximum performance that the military could afford. As octane numbers increased so did the cost of gasoline but the incremental increase in efficiency becomes less as compression ratio goes up. This reality set a practical limit to how high compression ratios could increase relative to how expensive the gasoline would become. [68] Last produced in 1955, the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major was using 115/145 Aviation gasoline and producing 0.046 kilowatts per cubic centimeter (1hp/cuin) at 6.7 compression ratio (turbo-supercharging would increase this) and 0.45 kilograms (1lb) of engine weight to produce 0.82 kilowatts (1.1hp). This compares to the Wright Brothers engine needing almost 7.7 kilograms (17lb) of engine weight to produce 0.75 kilowatts (1hp). Guarantees that if the price at the pump drops below the weekly fixed price, you pay the lower price at the pump The Clean Air Act (the Act) seeks to reduce air pollution in the United States. Specifically, the Act (first passed in 1970) and its amendments require engines and fuels to produce less air pollution—among other requirements. 1 To meet the air pollution reduction goals of the Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took several actions to reduce pollution from gasoline use: if you were born before 25 September 1943 but the person you live with was born between 25 September 1943 and 24 September 1957

This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: [1]As of January 1, 2017, refiners are required to supply gasoline with 97% less sulfur content than the gasoline made in 2004. Gasoline with lower sulfur content reduces emissions from old and new vehicles and is necessary for advanced vehicle emission control devices to work properly. 5 MTBE was phased out in the U.S. due to groundwater contamination and the resulting regulations and lawsuits. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, ethanol-derived ETBE are common substitutes. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called gasohol or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called E85. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in Brazil, where the ethanol is derived from sugarcane. In 2004, over 13billion liters (3.4 × 10 For instance, retailers often seem to take more encouraging to reduce their prices when oil prices are falling than they do when oil goes the other way.

Richard C. Baliban, Josephine A. Elia, Vern Weekman, and Christodoulos A. Floudas "Process Synthesis of Hybrid Coal, Biomass, and Natural Gas to Liquids via Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis, ZSM-5 Catalytic Conversion, Methanol Syntehsis, Methanol-to-Gasoline, and Methanol-to-Olefins/Distillate Technologies" in Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2012, Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.06.032 Hi everyone (brand new here) so bare with me . . . I moved into this privately rented house in March last year. It has pay as you go top up meters for gas and electricity. Repeat the procedure in section 2.2.1 while setting the engine speed (1000, 2000, or 4000 rpm). Set the electrolyser to supply H 2 and record data at the specified engine temperatures. Hydrogen was supplied through a flexible pipe of length 0.5 m and diameter 0.005 m. The pressure at the outlet of the pipe was 1.8 bars and the temperature was slightly above room temperature. 2.2.3. Procedure for the Testing of Engine’s Temperature Variation According to Primus Green Energy, the STG+ process converts natural gas into 90+-octane gasoline at approximately 5 US gallons per million British thermal units (65 litres per megawatt-hour). [4] The energy content of gasoline is 120,000 to 125,000 British thermal units per US gallon (9.3 to 9.7 kilowatt-hours per litre), making this process about 60% efficient, with a 40% loss of energy. The main product of the Fischer–Tropsch process, synthetic crude oil, requires additional refining to produce fuel products such as diesel fuel or gasoline. This refining typically adds additional costs, causing some industry leaders to label the economics of commercial-scale Fischer–Tropsch processes as challenging. [9] Methanol to gasoline [ edit ]

Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum Fuels.

The fuelGenie business fuel cards are free to use with no transaction, network or service charges.** The test environment was composed essentially of a 4.5 m × 4 m x 2.5 m room with openings for ventilation well above to control the wind effect during measurements. The main door (4 m large x 2 m high) was always kept closed during testing and opened wide after each test to enable sufficient air into the room. The operating parameters were set at standard temperature and pressure (STP). The engine was cooled down and pollutants were evacuated after each sequence of testing. A fan was installed in the test room to fasten the cooling of the engine and help evacuate pollutants from the test room. This ensured a similar environment for each test for measurement accuracy. Please see our separate full guide to European petrol and diesel prices. How many forecourts are there in the UK? Fuel Watch, the RAC's petrol and diesel price monitoring initiative, helps ensure retailers charge a fair price at all the UK’s forecourts.