Having power and using power are two different things. What are the sources of one’s power over others? Researchers identified six sources of power, which include legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, information, and referent (French & Raven, 1960). Legitimate Power Another related power tactic is the practice of controlling access to persons. This can lead to isolation, especially of individuals in upper levels of organizational hierarchy. Selective Use of Objective Criteria Dependency is directly related to power. The more that a person or unit is dependent on you, the more power you have. The strategic contingencies model provides a good description of how dependency works. According to the model, dependency is power that a person or unit gains from their ability to handle actual or potential problems facing the organization (Saunders, 1990). You know how dependent you are on someone when you answer three key questions surrounding scarcity, importance, and substitutability. Let’s learn more about each of these criteria. Scarcity Summary of Power and Conflict by Peter T. Coleman Summary written by: Conflict Research Consortium Staff Still another means to gain an advantage is using outside experts. The unit wishing to exercise power may take the initiative and bring in experts from the field or experts known to be in sympathy with their cause. Hence, when a dispute arises over spending more money on research versus actual production, we would expect differing answers from outside research consultants and outside production consultants. Most consultants have experienced situations in which their clients fed them information and biases they hoped the consultant would repeat in a meeting. Bureaucratic Gamesmanship

Although the theoretical underpinnings that helped guide the methodology and analysis of findings were not presented, the results of the discussions provided insight into these nurse leaders’ perceptions of power. As the authors noted, the results support existing literature on power and have implications for other group discussions that will assist nurse leaders to clarify what power means to them and to develop behaviors that enhance power. Finally, the report has implications for future qualitative studies in which the theoretical underpinnings are clearly identified. The final power tactic to be discussed here is that of coalitions and alliances. One unit can effectively increase its power by forming an alliance with other groups that share similar interests. This technique is often used when multiple labor unions in the same corporation join forces to gain contract concessions for their workers. It can also be seen in the tendency of corporations within one industry to form trade associations to lobby for their position. Although the various members of a coalition need not agree on everything—indeed, they may be competitors—sufficient agreement on the problem under consideration is necessary as a basis for action. Coercive power is force against the will. For example, in nursing, coercive power can be the threat of firing, of disciplinary action, or other negative consequences. Coercive power is the power derived from an ability to threaten punishment and deliver penalties. It is a source of power used to apply pressure so that others will meet what is demanded. It is common that individuals and groups often have diverse aims and interests that they desire to attain. Conflict shows up throughout the interaction among these varying interests. In organizations, it is harmful to have too much conflict. However, conflict can have positive effects on the organization itself by means of questioning the intrinsic and original ideas and thinking models, encouraging new thoughts and approaches, and bringing out changes. Please refer to this Agreement before adding more titles to your CGP Online Editions account (Your Account). 1. LicenceUse the table below to revise which poems connect to the others in the anthology, based on the themes the poets explore. Repeating your learning is the key to success. Use your summary notes to test yourself or revise for free on Seneca. Grimes, A. (1978). Authority, power, influence, and social control: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 3(4), 724-735. A Code must be redeemed before the title it is linked to can be accessed. An unredeemed Code may be transferred to another person or organisation who can then redeem it. Writer’s methods and the analysis of language, form and structure should always be based on the theme

This should help you identify which poem you should compare a given poem to in your exam question, and help you create an effective thesis statement to answer the poetry question. Power and Conflict Poems Students should study all 15 poems in their chosen cluster and be prepared to write about any of them in the examination. Unseen poetry This superb GCSE Poetry Guide covers the entire Power and Conflict cluster from the AQA Anthology of Poetry - blimey! The theme of the power of nature (and how human power interacts with the power of nature) is explored in some of the poems in the anthology. It can explore:We must also operate with integrity, which means we say what we need to say, and we act consistently with what we say. If we fail to express our thoughts completely, we may find the resolution is superficial or not really targeted on our concerns. Once we and our partner reach a resolution, it is important to follow through. Agreeing to something, then not following through, inflames the conflict, versus resolving it.

How an individual’s identity is formed, and the conflict between personal identity and identity imposed on people Here, we look at some of the more commonly used power tactics found in both business and public organizations (Pfeffer, 2011). Controlling Access to InformationThe best place to revise is different for everyone. Some people like to revise in cafes while others prefer quieter places. Think about what the best environment is to help you focus. The most important thing when you revise is not to get distracted too often.

Verderber and MacGeorge (2016) identify five types of power we encounter as we navigate our relationships. to assess and predict style choice and power source use based on the situation and readiness of followers. Within organizations, the power of connections comes from networking or knowing people and from being able to go across lines laterally to gather information. For example, this occurs when a nurse knows a colleague in another facility with whom to exchange information. For a nurse to know what effective nursing interventions are being used by other institutions helps the institution to be competitive and current. Connection power is one strategy to get information accurately and reliably. It also may be manifested as power based on having connections with powerful others. Connection power is based on another’s perception that the influencer has access to powerful persons or groups. Making summary notes is a good way to revise. Focus on making summary notes for one of the subject or topics you find hard to memorise. Power is derived from coping with uncertainty. Coping with uncertainty is a critical resource in the organization since it ensures organizational survival and adaptation to external constraints.According to Kelly, a generally accepted definition of conflict does not exist (Kelly, 2006). Conflict is defined here as a clash or struggle that occurs when a real or perceived threat or difference exists in the desires, thoughts, attitudes, feelings, or behaviors of two or more parties ( Deutsch, 1973). It exists as a tension or struggle arising from mutually exclusive or opposing actions, thoughts, opinions, or feelings. Conflict can be internal or external to an individual or group. It can be positive as well as negative.