Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Telang NT, Osborne MP. Multifunctional aspects of the action of indole-3-carbinol as an antitumor agent. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;889:204-13. View abstract. Conaway CC, Getahun SM, Liebes LL, et al. Disposition of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in humans after ingestion of steamed and fresh broccoli. Nutr Cancer 2000;38:168-78.View abstract. van Die MD, Williams SG, Emery J, et al. A placebo-controlled double-blinded randomized pilot study of combination phytotherapy in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prostate. 2017;77(7):765-775. View abstract. Park EJ, Pezzuto JM. Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002;21:231-55. View abstract.

Finley JW. Reduction of cancer risk by consumption of selenium-enriched plants: enrichment of broccoli with selenium increases the anticarcinogenic properties of broccoli. J Med Food 2003;6:19-26. View abstract. When taken by mouth: Broccoli sprout is commonly consumed in foods. Properly grown broccoli sprouts have not been reported to cause side effects. But broccoli sprouts that have not been grown properly should be avoided. These sprouts have a higher chance of being contaminated with bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Chinnappan SM, George A, Evans M, Anthony J. Efficacy of Labisia pumila and Eurycoma longifolia standardised extracts on hot flushes, quality of life, hormone and lipid profile of peri-menopausal and menopausal women: a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Food Nutr Res. 2020;64. View abstract. Keum YS, Khor TO, Lin W, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of broccoli sprouts on the suppression of prostate cancer in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice: implication of induction of Nrf2, HO-1 and apoptosis and the suppression of Akt-dependent kinase pathway. Pharm Res 2009;26(10):2324-2331. View abstract.Sulforaphane has been shown to have anticancer properties in a number of test-tube and animal studies, reducing both the size and number of various types of cancer cells ( 5, 6, 7). Researchers believe that compounds in these vegetables — including sulforaphane — are responsible for the potential anticancer properties ( 12). May Support Heart Health Jin L, Qi M, Chen DZ, et al. Indole-3-carbinol prevents cervical cancer in human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) transgenic mice. Cancer Res 1999;59:3991-7. View abstract. Those with type 2 diabetes can’t effectively transport sugar from their blood to their cells, making it difficult to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. For example, it is a key factor in the formation of bile acids, which help you digest fat. Bile acids are formed in your liver, stored in your gallbladder, and released into your digestive system whenever you eat fat ( 34, 35).

Myrosinase enzymes are only released and activated when a plant is damaged. Therefore, cruciferous vegetables must be cut, chopped, or chewed to release myrosinase and activate sulforaphane ( 1). Thus, further research is needed to confirm whether sulforaphane would have the same effects in humans ( 28). Summary What’s more, it’s still unclear whether sulforaphane could be used in a clinical setting to lower cancer risk and reduce cancer growth in humans ( 10). Raw vegetables have the highest levels of sulforaphane. One study found that raw broccoli had ten times more sulforaphane than cooked broccoli ( 2).Along with the antioxidantglucoraphanin, the high-fiber content in broccoli might help reduce LDL or bad cholesterol levels and keep the heart functioning properly. Also, reducing bile has a strong impact on cholesterol levels, thereby helping your heart health. Studies have shown that the fiber combines better with bile, making it much easier and efficient to excrete. Kaempferol is a flavonoid that may also aid in keeping the heart healthy owing to its anti-inflammatory properties. May Aid In Eye Care Zandani G, Anavi-Cohen S, Tsybina-Shimshilashvili N, Sela N, Nyska A, Madar Z. Broccoli Florets Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Alters Gut Microbiome Population-A Steatosis Mice Model Induced by High-Fat Diet. Front Nutr 2021;8:680241. View abstract.

Li Y, Zhang T, Korkaya H, et al. Sulforaphane, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts, inhibits breast cancer stem cells. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(9):2580-2590. View abstract. Fusaro M, Mereu MC, Aghi A, Iervasi G, Gallieni M. Vitamin K and bone. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2017;14(2):200-206. doi:10.11138/ccmbm/2017.14.1.200Breast cancer. There is some evidence that eating broccoli might modestly reduce younger women's risk of getting breast cancer. However, eating broccoli does not seem to help prevent breast cancer in older ( postmenopausal) women. Despite their growing popularity, more research is needed to determine the ideal dose, safety, and effectiveness of sulforaphane supplements in humans ( 14). Summary

Palacios C, Joshipura K, Willett W. Nutrition and health: guidelines for dental practitioners. Oral Dis. 2009;15(6):369-381. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01571.x Finley JW, Ip C, Lisk DJ, et al. Cancer-protective properties of high-selenium broccoli. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:2679-83. View abstract. To optimize your intake of sulforaphane, eat vegetables raw or cooked at temperatures below 284˚F (140˚C) ( 4).Syed RU, Moni SS, Break MKB, et al. Broccoli: A multi-faceted vegetable for health: An in-depth review of its nutritional attributes, antimicrobial abilities, and anti-inflammatory properties. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(7):1157. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12071157 Manganese: This trace element is found in high amounts in whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Haristoy X, Angioi-Duprez K, Duprez A, Lozniewski A. Efficacy of sulforaphane in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in human gastric xenografts implanted in nude mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47(12):3982-3984. View abstract. Yoshida K, Ushida Y, Ishijima T, et al. Broccoli sprout extract induces detoxification-related gene expression and attenuates acute liver injury. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(35):10091-103. View abstract.