Dufour, V.; Pelé, M.; Neumann, M.; Thierry, B.; Call, J. (2008). "Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans". Biology Letters. 5 (2): 172–75. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644. PMC 2665816. PMID 19126529. Orangutans may be killed for the bushmeat trade [122] and bones are secretly sold in souvenir shops in several cities in Indonesian Borneo. [123] Conflicts between locals and orangutans also pose a threat. Orangutans that have lost their homes often raid agricultural areas and end up being killed by villagers. [124] Locals may also be motivated to kill orangutans for food or because of their perceived danger. [125] Mother orangutans are killed so their infants can be sold as pets. Between 2012 and 2017, the Indonesian authorities, with the aid of the Orangutan Information Center, seized 114 orangutans, 39 of which were pets. [126] Zimmer, Carl (21 April 2015). "When Darwin Met Another Ape". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 . Retrieved 24 February 2020. On February 25th, Redditors /u/notsimmi and /u/mijuzz7 uploaded original image macros to /r/dankmemes [10] [11] using exploited versions of "where banana," garnering over 56,000 upvotes and 25,700 upvotes in a week respectively (shown below, left and right).

Glendinning, L. (26 June 2008). "Spanish parliament approves 'human rights' for apes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 November 2008. a b c d Galdikas, Birute M. F. (1988). "Orangutan Diet, Range, and Activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo". International Journal of Primatology. 9 (1): 1–35. doi: 10.1007/BF02740195. S2CID 40513842. Tax Deductible Organisations (Register of Environmental Organisations)". Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 January 2014. Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at Tanjung Puting National Park, Sebangau National Park, Gunung Palung National Park and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park in Borneo and the Gunung Leuser National Park and Bukit Lawang in Sumatra. In Malaysia, conservation areas include Semenggoh Wildlife Centre and Matang Wildlife Centre also in Sarawak, and the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary in Sabah. [136] Major conservation centres headquartered outside the orangutans' home countries include Frankfurt Zoological Society, [137] Orangutan Foundation International, which was founded by Galdikas, [138] and the Australian Orangutan Project. [139] Conservation organisations such as the Orangutan Land Trust work with the palm oil industry to improve sustainability and encourages the industry to establish conservation areas for orangutans. [140] [141] See alsoRose, M. D. (1988). "Functional Anatomy of the Cheirdia". In Schwartz, Jeffrey (ed.). Orang-utan Biology. Oxford University Press. p.301. ISBN 978-0-19-504371-6. The most arboreal of the great apes, orangutans spend most of their time in trees. They have proportionally long arms and short legs, and have reddish-brown hair covering their bodies. Adult males weigh about 75kg (165lb), while females reach about 37kg (82lb). Dominant adult males develop distinctive cheek pads or flanges and make long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals; younger subordinate males do not and more resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes: social bonds occur primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet; but they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and bird eggs. They can live over 30years, both in the wild and in captivity. Than, Ker (16 November 2011). "Hundreds of Orangutans Killed Annually for Meat". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020 . Retrieved 11 May 2020.

Flanged males (males with flanges, also known as cheek pads) use long calls to attract females and to discourage the approach of other males. Throat sacs add resonance to long calls, which are specific to individual males. Orangutans of all ages and sexes give kiss squeak vocalizations, engage in branch-shaking displays and sometimes even uproot dead trees when confronted by unknown individuals or when they are not habituated to the presence of human observers. In zoos, displays consist of throwing around tubs and other objects. Meijer, Miriam Claude (2014). Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722–1789) (Studies in the History of Ideas in the Low Countries). Rodopi. p.42. ISBN 978-9042004344. a b Didik, Prasetyo; Ancrenaz, Marc; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Wich, Serge A.; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Nest building in orangutans". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. pp.270–75. ISBN 978-0-19-921327-6. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015. a b van Schaik, C. P.; Preuschoft, S.; Watts, D. P. (2004). "Great ape social systems". In Russon, A. E.; Begun, D. R. (eds.). The Evolution of Thought: Evolutionary Origins of Great Ape Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–94. ISBN 978-0521039925.Wich, Serge A.; de Vries, Hans; Ancrenaz, Marc; Perkins, Lori; Shumaker, Robert W.; Suzuki, Akira; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Orangutan life history variation". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. pp.67–68. ISBN 978-0199213276. van Schaik, C. P.; Fox, E. A.; Sitompul, A. F. (1996). "Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans – implications or human evolution". Naturwissenschaften. 83 (4): 186–88. Bibcode: 1996NW.....83..186V. doi: 10.1007/BF01143062. PMID 8643126. S2CID 27180148.