The Ultimate Dinosaur Encyclopedia

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Comparisons between the scleral rings of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs. Although it has been suggested that most dinosaurs were active during the day, these comparisons have shown that small predatory dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids, Juravenator, and Megapnosaurus were likely nocturnal. Large and medium-sized herbivorous and omnivorous dinosaurs such as ceratopsians, sauropodomorphs, hadrosaurids, ornithomimosaurs may have been cathemeral, active during short intervals throughout the day, although the small ornithischian Agilisaurus was inferred to be diurnal. [173] Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva (August 26, 2020). "A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs". Biology Letters. 16 (8): 20200417. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417. PMC 7480155. PMID 32842895. Lloyd, G.T.; Davis, K.E.; Pisani, D.; Tarver, J.E.; Ruta, R.; Sakamoto, M.; Hone, D.W.E.; Jennings, R.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 275 (1650): 2483–2490. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0715. PMC 2603200. PMID 18647715.

C A saurischian pelvis ( Staurikosaurus) D Lesothosaurus pelvis Dinosaur classification [ change | change source ] Stewart, Tabori & Chang (1997). The Humongous Book of Dinosaurs. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 978-1-55670-596-0. LCCN 97000398. OCLC 1037269801. Arbour, V. (2018). "Results roll in from the dinosaur renaissance". Science. 360 (6389): 611. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360..611A. doi: 10.1126/science.aat0451. S2CID 46887409. Holland, William J. (May 1910). "A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to that of Diplodocus Carnegiei in the Carnegie Museum". The American Naturalist. American Society of Naturalists. 44 (521): 259–283. doi: 10.1086/279138. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 84424110 . Retrieved October 18, 2019. Robert Plot" (PDF). Learning more. Oxford: Oxford University Museum of Natural History. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2006 . Retrieved November 14, 2019.The earliest confirmed dinosaur fossils include the saurischian ('lizard-hipped') dinosaurs Herrerasaurus 230–220mya, Staurikosaurus possibly 230–225mya, Eoraptor 231.4mya, [14] and Alwalkeria 230–220mya. Saturnalia, 232–225mya, may be a basal saurischian or a prosauropod. The others are basal saurischians. Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in Victorian England, where in 1854, three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains, a menagerie of lifelike dinosaur sculptures was unveiled in London's Crystal Palace Park. The Crystal Palace dinosaurs proved so popular that a strong market in smaller replicas soon developed. In subsequent decades, dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and museums around the world, ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way. [330] The enduring popularity of dinosaurs, in its turn, has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science, and has frequently spurred new discoveries. In the United States, for example, the competition between museums for public attention led directly to the Bone Wars of the 1880s and 1890s, during which a pair of feuding paleontologists made enormous scientific contributions. [331] Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Illustrated by Luis V. Rey. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. LCCN 2006102491. OCLC 77486015 . Retrieved October 22, 2019. A major change in outlook came in the 1960s, when it was realised that small theropods were probably warm-blooded. [20] The question of whether all theropods or even all dinosaurs were warm blooded is still undecided. Paleontologist Phil Senter has suggested that since non-avian dinosaurs did not have a syrinx, and their next closest living relatives, crocodilians, use the larynx, they could not vocalize as the common ancestor would have been mute. He states that they mostly on visual displays and possibly non-vocal acoustic sounds like hissing, jaw grinding or clapping, splashing and wing beating (possible in winged maniraptoran dinosaurs). [179] Other researchers have countered that vocalizations also exist in turtles, the closest relatives of archosaurs, suggesting that the trait is ancestral to their lineage. In addition, vocal communication in dinosaurs is indicated by the development of advanced hearing in nearly all major groups. Hence the syrinx may have supplemented and then replaced the larynx as a vocal organ rather than there being a "silent period" in bird evolution. [183]

Weishampel, David B; Dodson, Peter and Osmólska, Halszka (eds) 2004. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2 Paul, Gregory S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9. LCCN 2010014916. OCLC 907619291. Farlow J.O. and Brett-Surman M.K. (eds) 1997. The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33349-0 Main article: Cultural depictions of dinosaurs Outdated Iguanodon statues created by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins for the Crystal Palace Park in 1853 Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) by Winsor McCay, featuring the first animated dinosaur Dinosaurs are a varied group of Archosaur reptiles. [1] Dinosaurs are related to birds and crocodiles. They were the most powerful land animals of the Mesozoic era. Over 500 different genera of dinosaurs are known. [2] Fossils of dinosaurs have been found on every continent.

Dinosaur crafts and activities

Based on fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus, some ornithischian species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. [174] Many modern birds are arboreal (tree climbing), and this was also true of many Mesozoic birds, especially the enantiornithines. [175] While some early bird-like species may have already been arboreal as well (including dromaeosaurids) such as Microraptor [176]) most non-avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion. A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics, pioneered by Robert McNeill Alexander, has provided significant insight in this area. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run, [136] whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip-like tail snapping, [177] and whether sauropods could float. [178] Communication Langer, Max C.; Abdala, Fernando; Richter, Martha; Benton, Michael J. (1999). "Un dinosaure sauropodomorphe dans le Trias supérieur (Carnien) du Sud du Brésil" [A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carman) of southern Brazil]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. Amsterdam: Elsevier on behalf of the French Academy of Sciences. 329 (7): 511–517. Bibcode: 1999CRASE.329..511L. doi: 10.1016/S1251-8050(00)80025-7. ISSN 1251-8050. Dinosaurs belong to a group known as archosaurs, which also includes modern crocodilians. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side. [30] From the fossil record, it is known that birds are living feathered dinosaurs. [6] They evolved from earlier theropods during the later Jurassic. [7] They were the only line of dinosaurs to survive to the present day. [8] a b Cashmore, D.D.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Butler, R.J. (2020). "Ten more years of discovery: revisiting the quality of the sauropodomorph dinosaur fossil record". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 951–978. Bibcode: 2020Palgy..63..951C. doi: 10.1111/pala.12496. S2CID 219090716.

Wang, Steve C.; Dodson, Peter (2006). "Estimating the diversity of dinosaurs". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 103 (37): 13601–13605. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10313601W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606028103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1564218. PMID 16954187. Dinosaurs are so varied that it is not easy to find what they all share. A reasonable list would include many features of the skeleton which are not familiar to the general reader. [11] Holmes, Thom (1998). Fossil Feud: The Rivalry of the First American Dinosaur Hunters. Parsippany, NJ: Julian Messner. ISBN 978-0-382-39149-1. LCCN 96013610. OCLC 34472600.This was recognized not later than 1909: Celeskey, Matt (2005). "Dr. W. J. Holland and the Sprawling Sauropods". The Hairy Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011 . Retrieved October 18, 2019. Dodson, Peter; Gingerich, Philip D., eds. (1993). "Functional Morphology and Evolution". The American Journal of Science and Arts. A special volume of the American Journal of Science. New Haven, CT: Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. 293-A. ISSN 0002-9599. OCLC 27781160. Warm blooded animals have a high metabolic rate (use up food faster). They can be more active, and for longer, than animals who depend on the environment for heating. Therefore, the idea of warm-blooded dinosaurs insulated by feathers led to the idea that they were more active, intelligent and faster runners than previously thought. [20] Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-61946-6. LCCN 88023052. OCLC 859819093 . Retrieved October 30, 2019.