Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issues

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Walby, K. and Luscombe, A. (2018) ‘Ethics review and freedom of information requests in qualitative research’, Research Ethics, 14(4), pp.1-15. Sutton, J. and Austin, Z. (2015) ‘Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management’, The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 68(3), pp.180-185. As the four studies were conducted in different countries, the nurse’s cultures, values, beliefs about management and prevention of PUs may be different from the experience and knowledge of the nurses in the United Kingdom (UK). Therefore, one will be cautious while applying the findings to the healthcare settings in the UK as there may be differences in the PU treatment guidelines, protocols and policies. The International Council for Nurses (ICN) emphasis on the need for nurses to apply the evidence from clinical literatures which have an informed basis for their clinical decisions (ICN, 2012). Adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP) by the nurses is vital because they are directly involved in the management and treatment of PUs as part of a multidisciplinary team approach in various healthcare settings (Lehane et al., 2018). However, King Funds(2018) argues thatalthough the guidelines and research evidence are used in the management of PU’s in the UK, the quality of the treatment provided by individual nurses varies. As a result, there is a need to explore the attitude and knowledge of nurses on prevention and treatment, as well as the barriers which impact on the nurse’s management of PUs. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2018) guideline emphasised on transparent treatment, quality improvement and outcome measurement. The guideline enables the nurses to improve healthcare and reduce inequalities in health treatment by effective adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP). Hence, the effective application of EBP in healthcare management is crucial in reducing avoidable PUs and promoting patient safety. This is important as research findings aids improvement of policies and practices in nursing, and research evidences help to reduce the rate and risk of PU development in patients and provides the necessary support needed for the treatment ( Lehane et al., 2018). Walker J. L. (2012). The use of saturation in qualitative research. Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 22( 2), 37–46. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

Researcher is active in the research process (researcher becomes part of the phenomenon being studied as they talk directly to participants and/or observe their behaviors). Cluett E. R., Bluff R. (2006). Principles and practice of research in Midwifery (2nd ed.). London: Bailliere Tindall. [ Google Scholar] Another way to assess the generalisability of research is to calculate confidence intervals (CI) (Aveyard, 2019). CI are a range of values based on the sample population, which estimates the precision of the findings applied to the wider population (Lo-Biondo Wood and Haber, 2017). A larger sample size will effectively create a more precise CI, 95% or above is the threshold; supporting the generalisation of the findings to the target population (Jirojwong et al., 2014). The researchers did not account for CI. Trace, S. and Kolstoe, S. (2017) ‘Measuring inconsistency in research ethics committee review’, BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1), pp.229-232.Miles M. B., Huberman A. M., Saldana J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [ Google Scholar]

The goal of the researcher is to provide an account of the “experiences, events and process that most people (researchers and participants) would agree are accurate” ( Sullivan-Bolyai et al., 2005, p. 128). The focus on producing rich description about the phenomenon from those who have the experience offers a unique opportunity to gain inside or emic knowledge and learn how they see their world.The next stage is to generate ideas for changes that will result in improvement, using quality improvement tools. It is beneficial to involve other team members in these activities. Is subjective (each person has their own perspective and each perspective counts). Recognizes the subjectivity of the experience of not only the participant but also the researcher There are numerous databases to apply the search strategy to, for relevance of nursing research, CINAHL and MEDLINE have been chosen for their credibility, and range of sources (Figure 4) (Booth et al., 2016). Ayres L., Kavanaugh K., Knafl K. A. (2003). Within-case and across-case approaches to qualitative data analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 871–883. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] The researchers clearly state within the abstract the aims of the study, further supported through the method of the study; a self-assessment questionnaire relating to competency. The researcher’s developed a focused question which the PICo framework can be applied; Participants – 3 rd year mental health students, Interest – feeling competent to assess physical health, Context – during their 3 rd year of their studies. The formulation of the question using a framework allows the researchers to choose the appropriate design method for their study (Lo-Biondo Wood and Haber, 2017).