Neptune Point New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc White Wine - 6x75cl

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The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). [93] The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2×10 17T·m 3 (14μT· R N 3, where R N is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of an offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator. [94] [95]

The usual adjectival form is Neptunian. The nonce form Poseidean ( / p ə ˈ s aɪ d i ən/), from Poseidon, has also been used, [4] though the usual adjectival form of Poseidon is Poseidonian ( / ˌ p ɒ s aɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ən/). [61] Status Struve came out in favour of the name Neptune on 29December 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, [49] after the colour of the planet as viewed through a telescope. [50] Soon, Neptune became the internationally accepted name. In Roman mythology, Neptune was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek Poseidon. The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets, all of which were named for deities in Greek and Roman mythology. [e] [51]

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Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a stellar occultation in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not on emersion. [154] Images from Voyager 2 in 1989 settled the issue by showing several faint rings. The flyby also provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune's mass which was found to be 0.5 percent less than previously calculated. The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscovered Planet X acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus. [170] [171] Neptune's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions: the lower troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and the stratosphere, where temperature increases with altitude. The boundary between the two, the tropopause, lies at a pressure of 0.1 bars (10kPa). [21] The stratosphere then gives way to the thermosphere at a pressure lower than 10 −5 to 10 −4 bars (1 to 10Pa). [21] The thermosphere gradually transitions to the exosphere.

The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32°, [123] which is similar to the tilts of Earth (23°) and Mars (25°). As a result, Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth. The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years. [104] Its sidereal rotation period (day) is roughly 16.11hours. [11] Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth's, the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme. The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1years. The perihelion distance is 29.81AU; the aphelion distance is 30.33AU. [g] On 11July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, [120] although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011. [11] [121] [122] A second symbol, an ‘LV’ monogram for 'LeVerrier', analogous to the ‘H’ monogram for Uranus. It was never much used outside of France and is now archaic.

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One might be tempted to say "except 'Earth'", which in the English language is the name of a Germanic deity, Erda. The IAU policy is that one may call the Earth and the Moon by any name commonly used in the language being used. Contrary to common use by science fiction writers, 'Terra' and 'Luna' are not the official names of planet Earth and its moon. See the wikipedia article Earth for references. Since 2018, the China National Space Administration has been studying a concept for a pair of Voyager-like interstellar probes tentatively known as Interstellar Express or Interstellar Heliosphere Probe. [172] Both probes will be launched at the same time in 2024 and take differing paths to explore opposing ends of the heliosphere; the second probe, IHP-2, will fly by Neptune in January 2038, passing only 1,000km above the cloud tops, and potentially carry an atmospheric impactor to be released during its approach. [173] Afterward, it will continue on its mission throughout the Kuiper belt toward the tail of the heliosphere, so far unexplored. The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star. [70] Orbital elements refer to the Neptune barycentre and Solar System barycentre. These are the instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch. Barycentre quantities are given because, in contrast to the planetary centre, they do not experience appreciable changes on a day-to-day basis from the motion of the moons. Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. [84] The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0MPa), where the temperature reaches 273K (0°C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found. [85]

Measurements by Voyager 2 in extreme-ultraviolet and radio frequencies revealed that Neptune has faint and weak but complex and unique aurorae; however, these observations were limited in time and did not contain infrared. Subsequent astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have not glimpsed the aurorae, in contrast to the more well-defined aurorae of Uranus. [96] [97] The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan. [30] [152] In the early 1980s, analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete. [153] Neptune brightened about 10% between 1980 and 2000 mostly due to the changing of the seasons. [159] Neptune may continue to brighten as it approaches perihelion in 2042. The apparent magnitude currently ranges from 7.67 to 7.89 with a mean of 7.78 and a standard deviation of 0.06. [15] Prior to 1980, the planet was as faint as magnitude 8.0. [15] Neptune is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. It can be outshone by Jupiter's Galilean moons, the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 3 Juno, and 6 Hebe. [160] A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk, similar in appearance to Uranus. [161] Observation Movement of Neptune in front of the stars of Aquarius in 2022 In 2018, the European Southern Observatory used adaptive optics to get clear and high-resolution images of Neptune from the surface of Earth. The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. [1] As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid ( supercritical fluid). This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. [72] The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. [73] At a depth of 7,000km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. [74] [75] [76] Scientists also believe that this kind of diamond rain occurs on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. [77] [75] Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the top of the mantle may be an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'. [78] [79] [80]Internal heating Four images taken a few hours apart with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope 's Wide Field Camera 3. Near infrared radiation data has been used as red channel. [114]

During the encounter, signals from the spacecraft required 246minutes to reach Earth. Hence, for the most part, Voyager 2 's mission relied on preloaded commands for the Neptune encounter. The spacecraft performed a near-encounter with the moon Nereid before it came within 4,400km of Neptune's atmosphere on 25 August, then passed close to the planet's largest moon Triton later the same day. [169] Neptune's mass of 1.0243 ×10 26kg [7] is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter. [f] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15m/s 2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, [68] and surpassed only by Jupiter. [69] Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764km [10] is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, because they are smaller and have higher concentrations of volatiles than Jupiter and Saturn. [70] In the search for exoplanets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", [71] just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters". Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. [149] The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. [150] The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000km. [151]Main article: Rings of Neptune Neptune's rings and moons viewed in infrared by the James Webb Space Telescope