The Last Hours: Chain of Iron

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Giannoccaro, P.; Sacco, A. (1977). "Bis[Ethylenebis(Diphenylphosphine)]‐Hydridoiron Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol.17. pp.69–72. doi: 10.1002/9780470132487.ch19. ISBN 978-0-470-13248-7. {{ cite book}}: |journal= ignored ( help) Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 191. Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", in Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS) 7-3, pp. 1–93 Stixrude, Lars; Wasserman, Evgeny; Cohen, Ronald E. (10 November 1997). "Composition and temperature of Earth's inner core". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 102 (B11): 24729–39. Bibcode: 1997JGR...10224729S. doi: 10.1029/97JB02125. Iron is by far the most reactive element in its group; it is pyrophoric when finely divided and dissolves easily in dilute acids, giving Fe 2+. However, it does not react with concentrated nitric acid and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer, which can nevertheless react with hydrochloric acid. [7] High-purity iron, called electrolytic iron, is considered to be resistant to rust, due to its oxide layer.

Examples of iron-containing proteins in higher organisms include hemoglobin, cytochrome (see high-valent iron), and catalase. [6] [143] The average adult human contains about 0.005% body weight of iron, or about four grams, of which three quarters is in hemoglobin – a level that remains constant despite only about one milligram of iron being absorbed each day, [142] because the human body recycles its hemoglobin for the iron content. [144] The most abundant iron isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis. [22] Since 56Ni (14 alpha particles) is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since addition of another alpha particle, resulting in 60Zn, requires a great deal more energy. This 56Ni, which has a half-life of about 6days, is created in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the supernova remnant gas cloud, first to radioactive 56Co, and then to stable 56Fe. As such, iron is the most abundant element in the core of red giants, and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth. [23] It is also very common in the universe, relative to other stable metals of approximately the same atomic weight. [23] [24] Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, and the most common refractory element. [25] Photon mass attenuation coefficient for iron. Clausen, C.A.; Good, M.L. (1968). "Stabilization of the hexachloroferrate(III) anion by the methylammonium cation". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (12): 2662–63. doi: 10.1021/ic50070a047.

Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (16 November 2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO 4 −". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode: 2016PCCP...1831125L. doi: 10.1039/c6cp06753k. PMID 27812577. Wagner, Donald B. (2003). "Chinese blast furnaces from the 10th to the 14th century" (PDF). Historical Metallurgy. 37 (1): 25–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018. originally published in Wagner, Donald B. (2001). "Chinese blast furnaces from the 10th to the 14th century". West Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine. 18: 41–74. doi: 10.1163/26669323-01801008. While he does confess to Cordelia and grows closer with her, he refuses to share this weight with anyone else, and continues to rely on his self-destructive tendencies, distancing himself from James and his family. When Cordelia runs to him after seeing James and Grace together (it’s all a big misunderstanding, okay?!) Matthew confesses his love (OMG)! We can’t wait to see how this all plays out in Chain of Thorns! 4. Lucie Herondale Though James is not the killer, all clues do point to Belial being connected to these murders, and the connection is proven when James ventures into the shadow realm with who he *thinks* is Magnus Bane (spoiler alert: it’s actually Lilith in disguise!) to get answers. We learn that although Belial still wants to use James’s body to wreak havoc on the world, he now has an alternate plan: to possess Jesse’s body and give it strength by stealing runes from the murdered Shadowhunters! Belial then summons his brother, Leviathan, to destroy the London Institute and the Shadowhunters themselves, but his plans are thankfully thwarted once again thanks to James, Cordelia, and Lucie. 2. Cordelia Carstairs Similar behavior is exhibited by some iron compounds, such as the ferrites including the mineral magnetite, a crystalline form of the mixed iron(II,III) oxide Fe 3O 4 (although the atomic-scale mechanism, ferrimagnetism, is somewhat different). Pieces of magnetite with natural permanent magnetization ( lodestones) provided the earliest compasses for navigation. Particles of magnetite were extensively used in magnetic recording media such as core memories, magnetic tapes, floppies, and disks, until they were replaced by cobalt-based materials.

Comelli, Daniela; d'Orazio, Massimo; Folco, Luigi; El-Halwagy, Mahmud; Frizzi, Tommaso; Alberti, Roberto; Capogrosso, Valentina; Elnaggar, Abdelrazek; Hassan, Hala; Nevin, Austin; Porcelli, Franco; Rashed, Mohamed G; Valentini, Gianluca (2016). "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51 (7): 1301–09. Bibcode: 2016M&PS...51.1301C. doi: 10.1111/maps.12664. Cordelia Carstairs — a young Shadowhunter who believes her life is over now that she is the sworn paladin of Lilith. Wagner, Donald B. (1993). Iron and Steel in Ancient China. Brill. pp.335–340. ISBN 978-90-04-09632-5.Iron forms various oxide and hydroxide compounds; the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (Fe 3O 4), and iron(III) oxide (Fe 2O 3). Iron(II) oxide also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. Despite their names, they are actually all non-stoichiometric compounds whose compositions may vary. [62] These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron (see bloomery and blast furnace). They are also used in the production of ferrites, useful magnetic storage media in computers, and pigments. The best known sulfide is iron pyrite (FeS 2), also known as fool's gold owing to its golden luster. [58] It is not an iron(IV) compound, but is actually an iron(II) polysulfide containing Fe 2+ and S 2− Tateno S, Hirose K (2010). "The Structure of Iron in Earth's Inner Core". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 330 (6002): 359–361. Bibcode: 2010Sci...330..359T. doi: 10.1126/science.1194662. PMID 20947762. S2CID 206528628. Lux, H. (1963) "Metallic Iron" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. G. Brauer (ed.), Academic Press, NY. Vol. 2. pp. 1490–91.

The series was originally meant to have a very tragic ending with numerous horrible deaths and the final scene being James on his deathbed as an old man reflecting on the best friendships of his life and seeing those friends waiting for him on the other side; [14] however, due to the pandemic, Cassie couldn't bring herself to write it in an already troubling time. [15] This change happened early on in the series' writing process so the characters are not completely the same as they would have been for said ending. [16] Reiff, William Michael; Long, Gary J. (1984). "Mössbauer Spectroscopy and the Coordination Chemistry of Iron". Mössbauer spectroscopy applied to inorganic chemistry. Springer. pp.245–83. ISBN 978-0-306-41647-7. Iron is required for life. [6] [140] [141] The iron–sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase, the enzymes responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. Iron-containing proteins participate in transport, storage and use of oxygen. [6] Iron proteins are involved in electron transfer. [142] Simplified structure of Heme b; in the protein additional ligand(s) are attached to Fe. Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 8. Iron(III) complexes are quite similar to those of chromium(III) with the exception of iron(III)'s preference for O-donor instead of N-donor ligands. The latter tend to be rather more unstable than iron(II) complexes and often dissociate in water. Many Fe–O complexes show intense colors and are used as tests for phenols or enols. For example, in the ferric chloride test, used to determine the presence of phenols, iron(III) chloride reacts with a phenol to form a deep violet complex: [66] 3 ArOH + FeCl 3 → Fe(OAr) 3 + 3 HCl (Ar = aryl)

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Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world. [80] It has been worked, or wrought, for millennia. However, iron artefacts of great age are much rarer than objects made of gold or silver due to the ease with which iron corrodes. [81] The technology developed slowly, and even after the discovery of smelting it took many centuries for iron to replace bronze as the metal of choice for tools and weapons. Frankly, the story is slightly convoluted so hold on. I had to start and listen to several sections over again more than once to understand what was happening. Despite my own inability to listen attentively the first time, second,. eat.al., this book is well worth it. Although the heme proteins are the most important class of iron-containing proteins, the iron–sulfur proteins are also very important, being involved in electron transfer, which is possible since iron can exist stably in either the +2 or +3 oxidation states. These have one, two, four, or eight iron atoms that are each approximately tetrahedrally coordinated to four sulfur atoms; because of this tetrahedral coordination, they always have high-spin iron. The simplest of such compounds is rubredoxin, which has only one iron atom coordinated to four sulfur atoms from cysteine residues in the surrounding peptide chains. Another important class of iron–sulfur proteins is the ferredoxins, which have multiple iron atoms. Transferrin does not belong to either of these classes. [142] Iron(III) chloride finds use in water purification and sewage treatment, in the dyeing of cloth, as a coloring agent in paints, as an additive in animal feed, and as an etchant for copper in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. [137] It can also be dissolved in alcohol to form tincture of iron, which is used as a medicine to stop bleeding in canaries. [138]

Klingelhöfer, G.; Morris, R. V.; Souza, P. A.; Rodionov, D.; Schröder, C. (2007). "Two earth years of Mössbauer studies of the surface of Mars with MIMOS II". Hyperfine Interactions. 170 (1–3): 169–77. Bibcode: 2006HyInt.170..169K. doi: 10.1007/s10751-007-9508-5. S2CID 98227499. Hardness Conversion Chart". Maryland Metrics. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2010. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For women the PRI is 13mg/day ages 15–17 years, 16mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are premenopausal and 11mg/day postmenopausal. For pregnancy and lactation, 16mg/day. For men the PRI is 11mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14 the PRI increases from 7 to 11mg/day. The PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy. [161] The EFSA reviewed the same safety question did not establish a UL. [162] Are the Shadowhunter books perfect absolutely not, no book is and I will die on that hill defending that argument. The Shadowhunter books however bring me so much joy and escapism and that is what truly makes this series shine for me. I am so looking forward to Chain of Thorns the final book in The Last Hours series. I will also continue to look forward to every Shadowhunter book that is yet to come!a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Iron". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. April 2016 . Retrieved 6 March 2018. The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for iron in 2001. [6] The current EAR for iron for women ages 14–18 is 7.9mg/day, 8.1 for ages 19–50 and 5.0 thereafter (post menopause). For men the EAR is 6.0mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0mg/day for women ages 15–18, 18.0 for 19–50 and 8.0 thereafter. For men, 8.0mg/day for ages 19 and up. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 27mg/day and, for lactation, 9mg/day. [6] For children ages 1–3 years 7mg/day, 10 for ages 4–8 and 8 for ages 9–13. As for safety, the IOM also sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of iron the UL is set at 45mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes. [160]