Exascale Supercomputers Revolutionise Material Simulations, Paving Way for Fuel-Efficient Cars and Novel Superconductors Bremner, Michael J.; Montanaro, Ashley; Shepherd, Dan J. (2016-08-18). "Average-case complexity versus approximate simulation of commuting quantum computations". Physical Review Letters. 117 (8): 080501. arXiv: 1504.07999. Bibcode: 2016PhRvL.117h0501B. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.080501. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 27588839. S2CID 8590553. Pan, Feng; Chen, Keyang; Zhang, Pan (2022). "Solving the Sampling Problem of the Sycamore Quantum Circuits". Physical Review Letters. 129 (9): 090502. arXiv: 2111.03011. Bibcode: 2022PhRvL.129i0502P. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.090502. PMID 36083655. S2CID 251755796.

a b Boixo, Sergio; Isakov, Sergei V.; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N.; Babbush, Ryan; Ding, Nan; Jiang, Zhang; Bremner, Michael J.; Martinis, John M.; Neven, Hartmut (23 April 2018). "Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices". Nature Physics. 14 (6): 595–600. arXiv: 1608.00263. Bibcode: 2018NatPh..14..595B. doi: 10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x. S2CID 4167494. Balaganur, Sameer (2019-11-20). "Man's Race To Quantum Supremacy: The Complete Timeline". Analytics India Magazine . Retrieved 2020-11-16.Madsen, Lars S.; Laudenbach, Fabian; Askarani, Mohsen Falamarzi; Rortais, Fabien; Vincent, Trevor; Bulmer, Jacob F. F.; Miatto, Filippo M.; Neuhaus, Leonhard; Helt, Lukas G.; Collins, Matthew J.; Lita, Adriana E. (1 June 2022). "Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor". Nature. 606 (7912): 75–81. Bibcode: 2022Natur.606...75M. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9159949. PMID 35650354. I found some of this exciting but it was frustrating to know we don't really know if we'll ever solve these problems. I found it a little irritating how optimistic he is that we will suddenly create technology that will save us from climate change. Learn how the latest developments drive the next wave of the Quantum Computing Revolution. Learn from Quantum experts how Quantum Technologies are changing the future. Kaku is known for his ability to distill complex scientific concepts into layman's terms. In this book he takes on the enormous task of explaining quantum computing - a topic that even some of the brightest minds find intimidating. And for the most part, he does a good job. His analogies are creative as he fleshes out the real-world implications of this bleeding edge science. Update: Scott Aaronson has read the book and confirms that it’s every bit as awful as it seems. For a different look at out-of-control quantum computing hype, see here

Examples of proposals to demonstrate quantum supremacy include the boson sampling proposal of Aaronson and Arkhipov, [9] D-Wave's specialized frustrated cluster loop problems, [10] and sampling the output of random quantum circuits. [11] [12] The output distributions that are obtained by making measurements in boson sampling or quantum random circuit sampling are flat, but structured in a way so that one cannot classically efficiently sample from a distribution that is close to the distribution generated by the quantum experiment. For this conclusion to be valid, only very mild assumptions in the theory of computational complexity have to be invoked. In this sense, quantum random sampling schemes can have the potential to show quantum supremacy. [13] Besides that, I think it would be good if journalists writing about this stuff would just ask people making such claims “and then what?”. I mean, let’s assume for a moment we actually manage to build a 7000 logical qubit quantum computer and actually simulate Maldacena’s whatever model on it. And then what? They’ll write papers and press releases. And then what? What will we learn from it? What will we do with it? a b Lund, A. P.; Bremner, Michael J.; Ralph, T. C. (2017-04-13). "Quantum sampling problems, BosonSampling and quantum supremacy". npj Quantum Information. 3 (1): 15. arXiv: 1702.03061. Bibcode: 2017npjQI...3...15L. doi: 10.1038/s41534-017-0018-2. ISSN 2056-6387. S2CID 54628108.Complexity arguments concern how the amount of some resource needed to solve a problem (generally time or memory) scales with the size of the input. In this setting, a problem consists of an inputted problem instance (a binary string) and returned solution (corresponding output string), while resources refers to designated elementary operations, memory usage, or communication. A collection of local operations allows for the computer to generate the output string. A circuit model and its corresponding operations are useful in describing both classical and quantum problems; the classical circuit model consists of basic operations such as AND gates, OR gates, and NOT gates while the quantum model consists of classical circuits and the application of unitary operations. Unlike the finite set of classical gates, there are an infinite amount of quantum gates due to the continuous nature of unitary operations. In both classical and quantum cases, complexity swells with increasing problem size. [60] As an extension of classical computational complexity theory, quantum complexity theory considers what a theoretical universal quantum computer could accomplish without accounting for the difficulty of building a physical quantum computer or dealing with decoherence and noise. [61] Since quantum information is a generalization of classical information, quantum computers can simulate any classical algorithm. [61] The runaway success of the microchip processor may be nearing its end, with profound implications for our economy, society and way of life, even leaving Silicon Valley as a new Rust Belt, its technology obsolete. Step forward the quantum computer, which harnesses the power and complexity of the atomic realm, and may be useful in solving humanity's greatest challenges from climate change, to global starvation, to incurable diseases. Humanity's next great technological achievement already promises to be every bit as revolutionary as the transistor and microchip once were. Its unprecedented gains in computing power and unique ability to simulate the physical universe herald advances that could change every aspect of our lives. That said, there is surprisingly little about quantum computing in “Quantum Supremacy”. If you used ChatGPT to explain the fundamentals quantum computing, the answer would be at least as accurate, and more likely to be about quantum computing. For what little there is, the detail provided alternates between overgeneralization and misinformation—Kaku attempts to explain the history of computing starting from the Antikythera mechanism onward, name-dropping scientists throughout the ages along the way, as well as philosophers and poets. In result, the book reads like a manuscript for a television program reminiscent of Carl Sagan’s Cosmos more than an explanation of quantum computing.

If you ask a normal computer to figure its way out of a maze, it will try every single branch in turn, ruling them all out individually until it finds the right one. A quantum computer can go down every path of the maze at once. It can hold uncertainty in its head.Garisto, Daniel (December 3, 2020). "Light-based Quantum Computer Exceeds Fastest Classical Supercomputers". Scientific American . Retrieved 2020-12-07. Jordan, Stephen. "Quantum Algorithm Zoo". math.nist.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29 . Retrieved 2017-07-29. An oddly entertaining collection of essays that covers more than 100 songs but doesn’t really explain the decade that created them—which may be beside the point. You’ll probably never have a quantum chip in your laptop or smartphone. There’s not going to be an iPhone Q. Quantum computers have been theorised about for decades, but the reason it’s taken so long for them to arrive is that they’re incredibly sensitive to interference. How? The main thing to understand is that quantum computers can make calculations much, much faster than digital ones. They do this using qubits, the quantum equivalent of bits – the zeros and ones that convey information in a conventional computer. Whereas bits are stored as electrical charges in transistors etched on to silicon chips, qubits are represented by properties of particles, for example, the angular momentum of an electron. Qubits’ superior firepower comes about because the laws of classical physics do not apply in the strange subatomic world, allowing them to take any value between zero and one, and enabling a mysterious process called quantum entanglement, which Einstein famously called spukhafte Fernwirkung or “spooky action at a distance”. Kaku makes valiant efforts to explain these mechanisms in his book, but it’s essentially impossible for a layperson to fully grasp. As the science communicator Sabine Hossenfelder puts it in one of her wildly popular YouTube videos on the subject: “When we write about quantum mechanics, we’re faced with the task of converting mathematical expressions into language. And regardless of which language we use, English, German, Chinese or whatever, our language didn’t evolve to describe quantum behaviour.”

Visit our Quantum Computing News section which brings the latest commercial and research developments. Merali, Zeeya (June 2011). "First sale for quantum computing". Nature. 474 (7349): 18. Bibcode: 2011Natur.474...18M. doi: 10.1038/474018a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21637232. S2CID 4425833. An exhilarating tour of humanity's next great technological achievement—quantum computing—which may eventually illuminate the deepest mysteries of science and solve some of humanity's biggest problems, like global warming, world hunger, and incurable disease, by the bestselling author of The God Equation.The JSESSIONID cookie is used by New Relic to store a session identifier so that New Relic can monitor session counts for an application. a b c d Preskill, John (2018-08-06). "Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond". Quantum. 2: 79. arXiv: 1801.00862. Bibcode: 2018Quant...2...79P. doi: 10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79. Zhong, Han-Sen; Deng, Yu-Hao; Qin, Jian; Wang, Hui; Chen, Ming-Cheng; Peng, Li-Chao; Luo, Yi-Han; Wu, Dian; Gong, Si-Qiu; Su, Hao; Hu, Yi (2021-10-25). "Phase-Programmable Gaussian Boson Sampling Using Stimulated Squeezed Light". Physical Review Letters. 127 (18): 180502. arXiv: 2106.15534. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.127r0502Z. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.180502. PMID 34767431. S2CID 235669908. a b Watrous, John (April 21, 2018). "Quantum Computational Complexity". arXiv: 0804.3401 [ quant-ph].