Jizya was typically imposed on adult males of a certain age who were able to pay it and who were not otherwise exempt, such as monks, the poor, and the disabled. The amount of jizya that was paid varied depending on the individual's wealth and social status. In some cases, jizya was seen as a burden on non-Muslim subjects and was resented, while in other cases it was seen as a fair and necessary contribution to the state.

Thomas Maclear, Verification and Extension of La Caille's Arc of Meridian at the Cape of Good Hope (Mowry and Barclay, 1838) p58 Cannon made castles obsolete and the use of gunpowder made possible rapid expansion of an empire. It was said Constantinople was impregnable, but this was no longer true after the rise of the cannon. Image Courtesy of University of South Florida Trade and Tax Diplomacy

Support

The First Transfer at the Louvre in 1750: Andrea del Sarto's La Charite", by Gilberte Emile-Male, in Issues in the Conservation of Paintings (Getty Publications, 2004) p278 When rounding to the nearest 10, numbers ending in “5” have been rounded to the nearest multiple of 20 to prevent systematic bias. Excel tables accompanying this publication Since 1 April 1996 all departments and agencies have had delegated responsibility for the pay and grading of their employees, except for those in the Senior Civil Service ( SCS). The MOD grades are shown here against levels broadly equivalent (in terms of pay and job weight) to the former service-wide grades. MOD grades In short, these empires formed like any other: through a conquest of economically or strategically important areas. But in particular, there are a few unique ways these empires were forged.

The Safavid Empire: A Persian empire that ruled over parts of modern-day Iran and Iraq from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. It was known for its use of artillery and its cultural achievements, including the development of a distinct Safavid style of art and architecture. Shift workers were found to be associated with higher body mass index (26.9 ± 4.6 vs 25.2 ± 3.3, p = 0.013); fasting blood glucose (5.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.3 ± 0.8, p ≤ 0.0001); glycated haemoglobin (4.9 ± 0.9 vs 4.2 ± 0.8, p ≤ 0.0001); high sensitivity C-reactive protein (2.5 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1.1, p < 0.0001); total cholesterol (5.9 ± 1.3 vs 5.2 ± 1.7, p = 0.002); triglycerides (1.3 ± 0.8 vs 1.1 ± 0.6, p = 0.015) and LDL cholesterol (3.6 ± 0.9 vs 3.2 ± 1.3, p = 0.04) than controls. Shift work however, had no associations with HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion Keep the decimal point where it is. In your head, move all the digits one place to the left and add a zero to the end if needed. Disclosure control will still be applied to statistical or numeric information to safeguard the confidentiality of individuals. ‘Disclosure control’ refers to the efforts made to reduce the risk of disclosure, such as applying statistical methods to protect ‘personally identifiable information’ ( PII) in aggregate data tables. These safeguards can take many forms (e.g. data suppression, rounding, recoding etc.). Revisions Bach left Mühlhausen in 1708, returning to Weimar this time as organist and from 1714 Konzertmeister (director of music) at the ducal court, where he had an opportunity to work with a large, well-funded contingent of professional musicians. [22] Bach and his wife moved into a house close to the ducal palace. [34] Later the same year, their first child, Catharina Dorothea, was born, and Maria Barbara's elder, unmarried sister joined them. She remained to help run the household until her death in 1729. Three sons were also born in Weimar: Wilhelm Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel, and Johann Gottfried Bernhard. Johann Sebastian and Maria Barbara had three more children, who however did not live to their first birthday, including twins born in 1713. [35]November – Westminster Bridge is officially opened for the general public to use, [5] the only fixed crossing of the River Thames between London Bridge and Putney. What becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history are not always the biggest emitters today. The UK, for example, was responsible for only 1% of global emissions in 2017. Reductions here will have a relatively small impact on emissions at the global level – or at least fall far short of the scale of change we need. This creates tension with the argument that the largest contributors in the past should be those doing most to reduce emissions today. This is because a large fraction of CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years once emitted. 3 Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population-based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:747–52.

The MOD civilian personnel strength ( FTE) at 1 April 2021 was 60,000, an increase of 1,750 personnel (3.0%) compared with 1 April 2020 (Excel ODS Table 1). Karlsson BH, Knutsson AK, Lindahl BO, Alfredsson LS. Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work. Results of the WOLF study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76:424–30.

Adding and subtracting in your head

October 31– Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna, Portuguese painter and poet (d. 1839) Bach usually led performances of his cantatas, most of which were composed within three years of his relocation to Leipzig. He assumed the office of Thomaskantor on 30 May 1723, presenting the first new cantata, Die Elenden sollen essen, BWV 75, in the St. Nicholas Church on the first Sunday after Trinity. [62] Bach collected his cantatas in annual cycles. Five are mentioned in obituaries, three are extant. [42] Of the more than 300 cantatas which Bach composed in Leipzig, over 100 have been lost to posterity. [63] Most of these works expound on the Gospel readings prescribed for every Sunday and feast day in the Lutheran year. Bach started a second annual cycle the first Sunday after Trinity of 1724 and composed only chorale cantatas, each based on a single church hymn. These include OEwigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 20, Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62, and Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1. In 1717, Bach eventually fell out of favour in Weimar and, according to a translation of the court secretary's report, was jailed for almost a month before being unfavourably dismissed: "On November6, [1717], the quondam [former] concertmaster and organist Bach was confined to the County Judge's place of detention for too stubbornly forcing the issue of his dismissal and finally on December2 was freed from arrest with notice of his unfavourable discharge." [45] Köthen (1717–1723) Bach's autograph of the first movement of the first sonata for solo violin, BWV1001 Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics.